- QuickStart guide
- Toolbar
- Open a Data Set
- Start model fitting to data
- Methods:
- Results
- Machine Learning in ndCurveMaster
- The detection of multicollinearity
- Heuristic techniques
- Overfitting Detection
- Scaling Datasets
- List of functions
- List of functions in the "fast search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
- List of functions in the "fast search using only power functions with rational exponents" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using only power functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using only power functions in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5" search method
QuickStart guide
- Run ndCurveMaster
- Click on the
Open
button - Select a dataset file and click
OK
- In the
Input Data
window select Y and X variables. You can also clickSelect All
, to select all X variables - Click
OK
to load a dataset - Next you will see the main form of ndCurveMaster. Click on the
Advanced Search
button to start automated fitting. - After searching, you will get the best model.
Toolbar
Detailed description of these options can be found here:
- Open a Data Set
- Advanced Search
- Random Search
- Randomly Iterated Search
- Manual Reduction
- Manual Expansion
- Auto Reduce
- Auto Expand
- Lock
- Settings
Open a Data Set
Click on the Open button and select the required file. These can be:
-
- a CSV file,
- an Excel XLSX file,
- an Excel XLS file,
- a Text file.
You can also click on the "Reopen" button and select previously loaded files.
This will bring up the Input Data window:
In this window you may select:
-
-
- Y and X variables,
- Weight data for individual data points in any column,
- "Add combinations of X variables" option to add combinations of input variables, for example:
x1*x2, x1*x3, x1*x4, x2*x3, x2*x4, x3*x4 ...,x(n-1)*xn
- the Use log-linear model to use natural log values for the dependent variable (Y) and keep your independent variables (X) in their original scale,
- significance level alpha,
- "Multicollinearity detection" option to detect multicollinearity in the model by calculating VIF factor1 (details can be found here)
- the search method as follows:
- fast search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions - to use a small number of functions (a list of functions can be found here)
- fast search using only power functions with rational exponents - to use a small number of power functions with rational exponents (a list of functions can be found here)
- detail search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions - to use a large number of power, exponential and logarithmic functions (a list of functions can be found here),
- detail search using power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions - to use a large number of power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions (a list of functions can be found here),
- detail search using only power functions - to use only a power function collection (a list of functions can be found here),
- detail search using only power functions in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5 - to use only a power function collection in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5 (a list of functions can be found here),
- "Overfitting detection" option and test set size in percent to detect overfitting by using the test set method (details can be found here),
-
then click OK.
1 Selecting this option is not recommended for processing an extremely large data set when using a low-performance computer.
Start model fitting to data
After opening the data set you may use the following options:
-
-
- automatic model fitting to data, such as:
- Advanced Search, details can be found here
- Randomly Iterated Search or/and Random Search, details can be found here
- freely reduce and expand the model, such as:
- Lock to manually lock the predictor(s) while searching, see here
- Settings to configure your search, see here
- automatic model fitting to data, such as:
-
Polynomial regression fitting
The ndCurveMaster program may be used to fit any polynomial model for any number of variables, such as:
y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x3 + a4 · x1 · x2 + a5 · x1 · x3 + a6 · x2 · x3 + a7 · x1 · x2 · x3 + a8 · x1^2 + a9 · x2^2 + a10 · x3^2 + a11 · x1^3 + a12 · x2^3 + a13 · x3^3 + a14 · x1^2 · x2 + a15 · x1 · x2^2 + a16 · x1^2 · x3 + a17 · x1 · x3^2 + a18 · x2 · x3^2 + a19 · x2^2 · x3 + a20 · x1^2 · x2 · x3 + a21 · x1 · x2^2 · x3 + a22 · x1 · x2 · x3^2
After loading the data set, first click the “Load” button on the function list toolbar:
Then, select a polynomial function file in the “Open File” dialog box:
The functions are described in detail here.
Select the “Random search using only power functions, such as x^2, x^3, ... , x^6” checkbox in “Settings” to narrow down the search and find solutions among polynomial functions:
Click on the "Random Search" button to begin the search.
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Model fitting using the "Advanced Search" option
The easiest way to fit a model is click on the Advanced Search button to apply the fully automatic search method. This method utilizes a machine learning algorithm. Details about this method can be found here.
Before using this method, you can set a general regression model by using the Manually Reduce or/and Manually Expand options. You can also configure your search preferences by using the "Settings" option.
If any equations are marked red after a search using this method:
-
-
- click on the Auto Reduce button to remove the equations and reduce the model
- then click on the Randomly Iterated Search button to finally fit the model in more detail.
-
Model fitting by using the "Random Search" and "Randomly Iterated Search" method
An alternative method is a combination of Random Search and Randomly Iterated Search methods. An example method is as follows:
-
-
- First click on the Manually Reduce or Manually Expand button to set a general regression model.
- Next click on the Random Search button and wait while a few different models are found. If there seems no search progress, press the ESC button to finish.
- Select the best model and then click on the Randomly Iterated Search button to search the model in detail. You may repeat this several times.
- If any equations are marked red, click on the Auto Reduce button to remove them. After repeating the reduction, click on the Randomly Iterated Search button to find the best model.
-
By clicking on the Manually Reduce/Expand or Auto Reduce/Expand buttons in any order you can improve, freely expand or reduce the model. It is strongly recommended that the Randomly Iterated Search option is used after every expansion and reduction operation.
New models are added to the collection after following the above steps.
You can click on ANY previous model from this collection to improve, expand or reduce it once again.
It is strongly recommended to click on the first model and then click fit again, this is due to the heuristic technique used by ndCurveMaster for curve fitting. This improves and enables the discovery of better models even if you repeat fitting each time:
-
-
- the discovery method for best models will be different,
- and the models may be different too.
-
Therefore it is advised to try to fit models a number of times from the first linear model. Consequently, new better models will be created and added to the model collection. Finally you may then choose the best model.
Another method is to use the Random Search and Randomly Iterated Search method separately.
Randomly Iterated Search
The Randomly Iterated Search method uses an algorithm where predictors are randomized and base function are iterated.
This algorithm is fast and efficient but the solution is limited due to the iteration.
This algorithm will finish searching itself when the correlation coefficient value reaches its maximum.
Random Search
The Random Search method offers a search algorithm in which variables and base functions are fully randomized.
This method is slower and takes much more time than Randomly Iterated Search method but the solution is unlimited due to the randomization process.
This algorithm will not finish searching itself. This search can only be manually stopped by pushing the ESC key.
You can search for an unlimited time when using this method.
Advanced Search
The Advanced Search method utilizes a machine learning algorithm for the discovery of equations. This method is a combination of Random Search and Randomly Iterated Search methods. A set of models found by using the Random Search method within a selected period of time is the first step.
Three top models characterized by the lowest RMSE error are searched in detail using the Randomly Iterated Search method at the next step, with the number of iterations being equal to the number of predictors in this 2nd step. Search preferences can be configured in the Settings menu.
Manual Reduction
The Manually Reduce option enables the user to manually select "a0" constant and predictor variables:
Manual Expansion
The Manually Expand option enables the user to manually add a new nonlinear predictor variable, as follows:
Auto Reduce
The Auto Reduce option results in the automatic deletion all predictors from the model which may create statistically insignificant errors by the use of backward elimination.
Auto Expand
The Auto Expand option enables the user to automatically add a new nonlinear equation and expand the model by the use of the Randomly Iterated Search method.
Lock
The “Lock” option enables the locking of the predictor(s) while searching. The selected predictor(s) will not be modified during a search.
Export and load function from file
Click the "Export" or "Load" buttons on the toolbar above the collection of functions to save or load functions from disk:
Depending on the search method selected in the "Input Data" window, function files have the following extensions: mf0, mf1, ..., mf5. The table below provides a detailed breakdown:
Extension | Search method selected in the “Input data” window |
---|---|
.mf0 | fast search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions |
.mf1 | fast search using only power functions with rational exponents |
.mf2 | detail search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions |
.mf3 | detail search using power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions |
.mf4 | detail search using only power functions |
.mf5 | detail search using only power functions in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5 |
By default, function files are stored in the "Functions" folder. A collection of polynomial functions may also be found in this folder; a description of these functions can be found in the Table below:
File | Function |
---|---|
poly2.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x1^2 |
poly3.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x1^2 + a3 · x1^3 |
poly4.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x1^2 + a3 · x1^3 + a4 · x1^4 |
poly5.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x1^2 + a3 · x1^3 + a4 · x1^4 + a5 · x1^5 |
poly6.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x1^2 + a3 · x1^3 + a4 · x1^4 + a5 · x1^5 + a6 · x1^6 |
poly22.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 |
poly12.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x2^2 |
poly21.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 |
poly22Full.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1 · x2^2 + a8 · x1^2 · x2^2 |
poly33.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 |
poly13.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x2^2 + a5 · x2^3 + a6 · x1 · x2^2 |
poly31.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x1^3 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 |
poly23.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x2^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 |
poly32.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 |
poly33Full.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1 · x2^2 + a8 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^3 + a10 · x2^3 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a15 · x1^3 · x2^3 |
poly14.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x2^2 + a5 · x2^3 + a6 · x1 · x2^2 + a7 · x1 · x2^3 + a8 · x2^4 |
poly24.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x2^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a10 · x1 · x2^3 + a11 · x2^4 |
poly34.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^3 · x2 + a11 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a12 · x1 · x2^3 + a13 · x2^4 |
poly41.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x1^3 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1^4 + a8 · x1^3 · x2 |
poly42.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^4 + a10 · x1^3 · x2 + a11 · x1^2 · x2^2 |
poly43.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 |
poly44.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x2^4 |
poly44Full.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1 · x2^2 + a8 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^3 + a10 · x2^3 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a15 · x1^3 · x2^3 + a16 · x1^4 + a17 · x2^4 + a18 · x1^4 · x2 + a19 · x1^4 · x2^2 + a20 · x1^4 · x2^3 + a21 · x1 · x2^4 + a22 · x1^2 · x2^4 + a23 · x1^3 · x2^4 + a24 · x1^4 · x2^4 |
poly15.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x2^2 + a5 · x2^3 + a6 · x1 · x2^2 + a7 · x1 · x2^3 + a8 · x2^4 + a9 · x1 · x2^4 + a10 · x2^5 |
poly25.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x2^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a10 · x1 · x2^3 + a11 · x2^4 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a13 · x1 · x2^4 + a14 · x2^5 |
poly35.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^3 · x2 + a11 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a12 · x1 · x2^3 + a13 · x2^4 + a14 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a15 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a16 · x1 · x2^4 + a17 · x2^5 |
poly45.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x2^4 + a15 · x1^4 · x2 + a16 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a17 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a18 · x1 · x2^4 + a19 · x2^5 |
poly51.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x1^3 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1^4 + a8 · x1^3 · x2 + a9 · x1^5 + a10 · x1^4 · x2 |
poly52.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x1^2 · x2 + a8 · x1 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^4 + a10 · x1^3 · x2 + a11 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a12 · x1^5 + a13 · x1^4 · x2 + a14 · x1^3 · x2^2 |
poly53.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x1^5 + a15 · x1^4 · x2 + a16 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a17 · x1^2 · x2^3 |
poly54.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x2^4 + a15 · x1^5 + a16 · x1^4 · x2 + a17 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a18 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a19 · x1 · x2^4 |
poly55.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^3 + a7 · x2^3 + a8 · x1^2 · x2 + a9 · x1 · x2^2 + a10 · x1^4 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x2^4 + a15 · x1^5 + a16 · x1^4 · x2 + a17 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a18 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a19 · x1 · x2^4 + a20 · x2^5 |
poly55Full.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x1 · x2 + a4 · x1^2 + a5 · x2^2 + a6 · x1^2 · x2 + a7 · x1 · x2^2 + a8 · x1^2 · x2^2 + a9 · x1^3 + a10 · x2^3 + a11 · x1^3 · x2 + a12 · x1^3 · x2^2 + a13 · x1 · x2^3 + a14 · x1^2 · x2^3 + a15 · x1^3 · x2^3 + a16 · x1^4 + a17 · x2^4 + a18 · x1^4 · x2 + a19 · x1^4 · x2^2 + a20 · x1^4 · x2^3 + a21 · x1 · x2^4 + a22 · x1^2 · x2^4 + a23 · x1^3 · x2^4 + a24 · x1^4 · x2^4 + a25 · x1^5 + a26 · x2^5 + a27 · x1^5 · x2 + a28 · x1^5 · x2^2 + a29 · x1^5 · x2^3 + a30 · x1^5 · x2^4 + a31 · x1 · x2^5 + a32 · x1^2 · x2^5 + a33 · x1^3 · x2^5 + a34 · x1^4 · x2^5 + a35 · x1^5 · x2^5 |
poly222.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x3 + a4 · x1 · x2 + a5 · x1 · x3 + a6 · x2 · x3 + a7 · x1 · x2 · x3 + a8 · x1^2 + a9 · x2^2 + a10 · x3^2 |
poly333.mf* | y = a0 + a1 · x1 + a2 · x2 + a3 · x3 + a4 · x1 · x2 + a5 · x1 · x3 + a6 · x2 · x3 + a7 · x1 · x2 · x3 + a8 · x1^2 + a9 · x2^2 + a10 · x3^2 + a11 · x1^3 + a12 · x2^3 + a13 · x3^3 + a14 · x1^2 · x2 + a15 · x1 · x2^2 + a16 · x1^2 · x3 + a17 · x1 · x3^2 + a18 · x2 · x3^2 + a19 · x2^2 · x3 + a20 · x1^2 · x2 · x3 + a21 · x1 · x2^2 · x3 + a22 · x1 · x2 · x3^2 |
Settings
In the Settings window, you can configure your search preferences for all search methods as well as the Advanced Search method.
In the "General Preferences" box you can configure settings for all search methods and select:
-
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- the "Multicollinearity detection" checkbox to detect multicollinearity in the model by calculating the VIF factor 1 (details can be found here)
- the “VIF cannot exceed” checkbox, to only find models characterized by VIF values not exceeding the selected VIF value. The default VIF limit value is 10. You can increase or decrease this limit.
- alpha level significance.
- the "Minimum value of a" value to only find models characterized by "a" regression coefficient values not less than the selected value. The default limit value is 1E-5.
- the "Save logs to a CSV file" checkbox to save the results while searching. The logs are saved in the same location as the loaded data file.
- the "Random search using only power functions, such as x^2, x^3, ... , x^6" checkbox to only utilize power functions during a random search. You may utilize this option to quickly discover the best polynomial regression model at the early stages of your search. In the following search phase, you may expand the model using iterated search through all functions. The option is provided for the Random Search method, as well as a first step in the Advanced Search method.
-
The Advanced Search method is a complex version of the Random Search method in the first phase and the Randomly Iterated Search method in the second search phase.
In the "Advanced Search Preferences" box you can configure this type of search and select:
-
-
- time to complete a first phase search (i.e. random searching),
- the search algorithm in the second phase (i.e. randomly iterated searching) is as follows:
- fast search - to perform only one iteration for the best model discovered in the first search phase
- medium search - to perform multiple iterations for the best model discovered in the first search phase
- detailed search - to perform multiple iterations for the top three models discovered in the first search phase
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Results
The list of equations
The collection consists of models, as well as the description of every model with coefficients, error and statistical parameters.
You can review every model from the collection.
You can copy a collection to the clipboard or save to a csv file by using the and buttons. You can copy only the selected model by the use of the button.
All calculation results are available for each model from the collection of models window.
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The "Statistics" window
The Statistics window will present statistical analysis for the model:
Insignificant predictors are marked red in the Statistics window and "attempt removal" can be seen.
The most significant predictor is blue in this window.
A locked predictor is shown in italics
If all equations in the model are significant, the "Auto Reduce" option is not available.
The last column in the regression analysis table presents variance inflation factor (VIF):
The VIF index is commonly used for detection of multicollinearity (more details can be found here).
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The "Pearson Correlation Matrix" window
The Pearson Correlation Matrix window shows Pearson Correlation coefficients between each pair of variables:
Examining the correlations of variables is the simplest way to detect multicollinearity. In general, an absolute correlation coefficient of more than 0.7 between two variables (or more) indicates the presence of multicollinearity.
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The "Data" window
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- The Data option includes:
- Normal data view window
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- Full data view window
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The "Graphs" window
Fit-line curve:
Scatterplot:
Residuals:
Standardized Residuals:
Histogram:
Machine learning in ndCurveMaster
ndCurveMaster utilizes a machine learning method for the discovery of equations. This method is a combination of random and iterated search. In the first step, a set of models are found through a random search within a selected period of time. Three top models that offer the lowest RMSE error are searched in detail using randomly iterated searches as a next step. The user can configure this type of search and select:
-
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- time to complete the first phase search (i.e. random searching),
- in the second phase there is a search algorithm (i.e. randomly iterated searching), as follows:
- fast search – to perform only one iteration for the best model discovered within the first search phase,
- medium search – to perform multiple iterations for the best model discovered in the first search phase,
- detailed search – to perform multiple iterations for the top three models discovered in the first search phase.
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The detection of multicollinearity
ndCurveMaster offers multicollinearity detection option through the use of a variance inflation factor (VIF) to improve the quality of models which are developed. The VIF index is commonly used for the detection of multicollinearity (more details can be found here). There is no formal VIF value to determine the presence of multicollinearity. Any VIF values that exceed 10 are often regarded as an indication of multicollinearity, but in weaker model values above 2.5 this may be a cause for concern.
ndCurveMaster calculates the VIF values of each model. These VIF values are shown in the last column of the regression analysis table for each predictor, see below:
In addition, ndCurveMaster offers a search facility for models with a VIF limit value. The user can select a “VIF cannot exceed” checkbox to only display models that do not exceed the selected VIF value. The default VIF limit value is 10, see below:
The user can increase or lower the limit.
Detailed explanation on identifying and fixing multicollinearity can be found here.
Heuristic techniques
ndCurveMaster uses heuristic techniques for curve fitting and implements scientific algorithms.
Finding the best combinations in 3D/4D/5D/6D/..nD models and selecting the best-fitting functions from the function set results in a large number of possible variants. Searching through all possible variants by using an exact algorithm is computationally expensive and time consuming. A heuristic approach has been implemented in ndCurveMaster software to solve this problem.
The best nonlinear functions and variable combinations are selected through randomization and looped searching through the use of the following methods:
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- The “Randomly Iterated Search” method utilizes an algorithm where variables are randomized and base function are iterated. This algorithm is fast and efficient, but the solution is limited due to iteration. This algorithm will complete a search by its itself when the correlation coefficient value reaches its maximum.
- The “Random Search” method utilizes an algorithm in which variables and base function are fully randomized. This method takes much more time than the “Auto-Fit” method, but the solution is unlimited due to a randomization process. This algorithm will not finish searching by itself. In this method the user has to manually stop the searching by clicking the ESC key. The user can also carry out a search for an unlimited time when using this method.
- The "Advanced Search" method utilizes algorithms that are applied in the “Random Search” and “Randomly Iterated Search” method.
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These methods improve the discovery of better models. The disadvantage of these heuristic techniques is that the solution is not as optimal as the exact approach. But multiple searches allow the user to find a solution which is closer to an optimal result.
The effect of using the heuristic algorithm is that even when you use the same data set each time:
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- the method of finding the best models is different,
- the models may be different.
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Therefore it would be advisable to try to repeatedly fit models to the same data.
Overfitting Detection
Overfitting occurs when the statistical model has too many parameters in relation to the size of the sample from which it was constructed. This phenomenon is a problem found primarily in machine learning and will not usually apply in the case of regression models.
But ndCurveMaster offers advanced algorithms that allow the user to build complicated multivariable models to accurately describe empirical data. Overfitting may occur under these conditions.
In regression analysis with one independent variable this setting means you can easily detect overfitting in the graph:
But in statistical analysis of many variables it is not possible to detect overfitting in this way.
Therefore, an overfitting detection technique has been implemented in ndCurveMaster. The test set method is used to detect overfitting. ndCurveMaster may randomly choose part of the data and use it in a test set:
Next ndCurveMaster performs regression using the remaing data. And finally ndCurveMaster can detect overfitting by comparing test set and dataset RMS errors.
Here is an example multivariable regression model:
Y = a0 + a1 · x1^(-1/2) + a2 · (ln(x3))^8 + a3 · x1^0.45 · (ln(x4))^2 + a4 · exp(x1) · x2^1.3 · x3^0.95 + a5 · exp(x2)^1.5 · x3^0.45 · ln(x4)
Standard statistical analysis referring to the data set not detecting overfitting:
But ndCurveMaster can also check test data and data set RMS errors:
The test set RMS error is 6885.69 and the dataset RMS error only equals 3421.39.
ndCurveMaster detects overfitting as the test set error is 2.01 times the dataset error.
The use of overfitting is clearly shown the graph below. The blue points represent the dataset and the red - the test set:
The results from the graph mean that the fit of the data set points looks perfect but the test set points do not.
Scaling Datasets
For best results, try scaling your data sets. Imagine a data set with x values ranging from -10 000 to 100 000 and a regression model where the term 2^x is involved. The calculation will overflow because 2^100000, and the regression will fail as a result. Therefore ndCurveMaster cannot use 2^x formula in this case.
If data set looks like this:
X = [-10 000, -5 000, 0, 500, 1000 ,10 000, 100 000]
metres, you can scale this data to the following data set:
X = [-10, -5, 0, 0.5, 1, 10, 100]
kilometres.
Detailed information about normalization can be found here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)
List of functions:
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- List of functions in the "fast search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
- List of functions in the "fast search using only power functions with rational exponents" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using only power functions" search method
- List of functions in the detailed search using only power functions in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5" search method
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List of functions in the "fast search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
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- f(x) = exp(x)^-2
- f(x) = exp(x)^-1.5
- f(x) = exp(x)^-1
- f(x) = exp(x)^-0.5
- f(x) = exp(x)^-0.1
- f(x) = exp(x)^2
- f(x) = exp(x)^1.5
- f(x) = exp(x)
- f(x) = exp(x)^0.5
- f(x) = exp(x)^0.1
- f(x) = (1/7)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/6)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/5)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/4)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/3)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/2)^(x)
- f(x) = x^2
- f(x) = x^3
- f(x) = x^4
- f(x) = x^5
- f(x) = x^6
- f(x) = x^(1/3)
- f(x) = x^(1/5)
- f(x) = sin(x)
- f(x) = sin^2(x)
- f(x) = cos(x)
- f(x) = cos^2(x)
- f(x) = sinh(x)
- f(x) = cosh(x)
- f(x) = tanh(x)
- f(x) = x^0.05
- f(x) = x^0.15
- f(x) = x^0.25
- f(x) = x^0.35
- f(x) = x^0.45
- f(x) = x^0.55
- f(x) = x^0.65
- f(x) = x^0.75
- f(x) = x^0.85
- f(x) = x^0.95
- f(x) = x^1.05
- f(x) = x^1.15
- f(x) = x^1.25
- f(x) = x^1.35
- f(x) = x^1.45
- f(x) = x^1.55
- f(x) = x^(1/2)
- f(x) = x^(1/4)
- f(x) = x^(1/6)
- f(x) = x^(1/8)
- f(x) = x^0.1
- f(x) = x^0.2
- f(x) = x^0.3
- f(x) = x^0.4
- f(x) = x^0.6
- f(x) = x^0.7
- f(x) = x^0.8
- f(x) = x^0.9
- f(x) = x^1.1
- f(x) = x^1.2
- f(x) = x^1.3
- f(x) = x^1.4
- f(x) = x^1.5
- f(x) = x^1.6
- f(x) = x^1.7
- f(x) = x^1.8
- f(x) = x^1.9
- f(x) = x^2.1
- f(x) = x^2.2
- f(x) = x^2.3
- f(x) = x^2.4
- f(x) = x^2.5
- f(x) = x^2.6
- f(x) = x^2.7
- f(x) = x^2.8
- f(x) = x^2.9
- f(x) = x^3.1
- f(x) = x^3.2
- f(x) = x^3.3
- f(x) = x^3.4
- f(x) = x^3.5
- f(x) = x^3.6
- f(x) = x^3.7
- f(x) = x^3.8
- f(x) = x^3.9
- f(x) = x^4.1
- f(x) = x^4.2
- f(x) = x^4.3
- f(x) = x^4.4
- f(x) = x^4.5
- f(x) = x^4.6
- f(x) = x^4.7
- f(x) = x^4.8
- f(x) = x^4.9
- f(x) = x^5.1
- f(x) = x^5.2
- f(x) = x^5.3
- f(x) = x^5.4
- f(x) = x^5.5
- f(x) = x^5.6
- f(x) = ln(x)
- f(x) = (ln(x))^2
- f(x) = (ln(x))^3
- f(x) = (ln(x))^4
- f(x) = (ln(x))^5
- f(x) = (ln(x))^6
- f(x) = (ln(x))^7
- f(x) = (ln(x))^8
- f(x) = x^(-1/2)
- f(x) = x^(-1/4)
- f(x) = x^(-1/6)
- f(x) = x^(-1/8)
- f(x) = x^(-1/10)
- f(x) = x^(-1/12)
- f(x) = x^-1
- f(x) = x^-2
- f(x) = x^-3
- f(x) = x^-4
- f(x) = x^-5
- f(x) = x^-6
- f(x) = x^-7
- f(x) = x^-8
- f(x) = x^-9
- f(x) = x^-10
- f(x) = x^-11
- f(x) = x^-0.2
- f(x) = x^-0.3
- f(x) = x^-0.4
- f(x) = x^-0.6
- f(x) = x^-0.7
- f(x) = x^-0.8
- f(x) = x^-0.9
- f(x) = x^-1.1
- f(x) = x^-1.2
- f(x) = x^-1.3
- f(x) = x^-1.4
- f(x) = x^-1.5
- f(x) = x^-1.6
- f(x) = x^-1.7
- f(x) = x^-1.8
- f(x) = x^-1.9
- f(x) = x^-2.5
- f(x) = x^-3.5
- f(x) = x^-4.5
- f(x) = x^-5.5
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List of functions in the "fast search using only power functions with rational exponents" search method
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- y=x^42
- y=x^40
- y=x^38
- y=x^36
- y=x^34
- y=x^32
- y=x^30
- y=x^29
- y=x^28
- y=x^27
- y=x^26
- y=x^25
- y=x^24
- y=x^23
- y=x^22
- y=x^21
- y=x
- y=x^2
- y=x^3
- y=x^4
- y=x^5
- y=x^6
- y=x^7
- y=x^8
- y=x^9
- y=x^10
- y=x^11
- y=x^12
- y=x^13
- y=x^14
- y=x^15
- y=x^16
- y=x^17
- y=x^18
- y=x^19
- y=x^20
- y=x^1/3
- y=x^1/5
- y=x^1/9
- y=x^2/3
- y=x^2/5
- y=x^2/9
- y=x^3/5
- y=x^4/3
- y=x^4/5
- y=x^4/9
- y=x^5/3
- y=x^5/9
- y=x^6/5
- y=x^6/9
- y=x^7/3
- y=x^7/5
- y=x^7/9
- y=x^8/3
- y=x^8/5
- y=x^8/9
- y=x^1/2
- y=x^1/4
- y=x^1/6
- y=x^1/8
- y=x^3/2
- y=x^3/4
- y=x^3/8
- y=x^5/2
- y=x^5/4
- y=x^5/6
- y=x^5/8
- y=x^6/4
- y=x^7/2
- y=x^7/4
- y=x^7/6
- y=x^7/8
- y=x^9/2
- y=x^9/4
- y=x^9/8
- y=x^-1
- y=x^-2
- y=x^-3
- y=x^-4
- y=x^-5
- y=x^-6
- y=x^-7
- y=x^-8
- y=x^-9
- y=x^-10
- y=x^-11
- y=x^-12
- y=x^-13
- y=x^-14
- y=x^-15
- y=x^-1/2
- y=x^-1/4
- y=x^-1/6
- y=x^-1/8
- y=x^-3/2
- y=x^-3/4
- y=x^-3/8
- y=x^-5/2
- y=x^-5/4
- y=x^-5/6
- y=x^-5/8
- y=x^-6/4
- y=x^-7/2
- y=x^-7/4
- y=x^-7/6
- y=x^-7/8
- y=x^-9/2
- y=x^-9/4
- y=x^-9/8
- y=x^-1/3
- y=x^-1/5
- y=x^-1/9
- y=x^-2/3
- y=x^-2/5
- y=x^-2/9
- y=x^-3/5
- y=x^-4/3
- y=x^-4/5
- y=x^-4/9
- y=x^-5/3
- y=x^-5/9
- y=x^-6/5
- y=x^-6/9
- y=x^-7/3
- y=x^-7/5
- y=x^-8/9
- y=x^-8/3
- y=x^-8/5
- y=x^-8/9
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List of functions in the "detailed search using power, exponential and logarithmic functions" search method
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- f(x) = 2^x
- f(x) = exp(x)^-4
- f(x) = exp(x)^-3
- f(x) = exp(x)^-2
- f(x) = exp(x)^-1
- f(x) = exp(x)^5
- f(x) = exp(x)^4
- f(x) = exp(x)^3
- f(x) = exp(x)^2
- f(x) = exp(x)
- f(x) = (1/7)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/6)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/5)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/4)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/3)^(x)
- f(x) = (1/2)^(x)
- f(x) = x^2
- f(x) = x^3
- f(x) = x^4
- f(x) = x^5
- f(x) = x^6
- f(x) = x^7
- f(x) = x^8
- f(x) = x^9
- f(x) = x^10
- f(x) = x^11
- f(x) = x^12
- f(x) = x^13
- f(x) = x^14
- f(x) = x^15
- f(x) = x^16
- f(x) = x^(1/3)
- f(x) = x^(1/5)
- f(x) = x^(1/7)
- f(x) = sin(x)
- f(x) = sin^2(x)
- f(x) = cos(x)
- f(x) = cos^2(x)
- f(x) = sinh(x)
- f(x) = cosh(x)
- f(x) = tanh(x)
- f(x) = x^(1/2)
- f(x) = x^(1/4)
- f(x) = x^(1/6)
- f(x) = x^(1/8)
- f(x) = x^(1/12)
- f(x) = x^0.01
- f(x) = x^0.02
- f(x) = x^0.03
- f(x) = x^0.04
- f(x) = x^0.05
- f(x) = x^0.06
- f(x) = x^0.07
- f(x) = x^0.08
- f(x) = x^0.09
- f(x) = x^0.1
- f(x) = x^0.11
- f(x) = x^0.12
- f(x) = x^0.13
- f(x) = x^0.14
- f(x) = x^0.15
- f(x) = x^0.16
- f(x) = x^0.17
- f(x) = x^0.18
- f(x) = x^0.19
- f(x) = x^0.2
- f(x) = x^0.21
- f(x) = x^0.22
- f(x) = x^0.23
- f(x) = x^0.24
- f(x) = x^0.26
- f(x) = x^0.27
- f(x) = x^0.28
- f(x) = x^0.29
- f(x) = x^0.3
- f(x) = x^0.31
- f(x) = x^0.32
- f(x) = x^0.33
- f(x) = x^0.34
- f(x) = x^0.35
- f(x) = x^0.36
- f(x) = x^0.37
- f(x) = x^0.38
- f(x) = x^0.39
- f(x) = x^0.4
- f(x) = x^0.41
- f(x) = x^0.42
- f(x) = x^0.43
- f(x) = x^0.44
- f(x) = x^0.45
- f(x) = x^0.46
- f(x) = x^0.47
- f(x) = x^0.48
- f(x) = x^0.49
- f(x) = x^0.51
- f(x) = x^0.52
- f(x) = x^0.53
- f(x) = x^0.54
- f(x) = x^0.55
- f(x) = x^0.56
- f(x) = x^0.57
- f(x) = x^0.58
- f(x) = x^0.59
- f(x) = x^0.6
- f(x) = x^0.61
- f(x) = x^0.62
- f(x) = x^0.63
- f(x) = x^0.64
- f(x) = x^0.65
- f(x) = x^0.66
- f(x) = x^0.67
- f(x) = x^0.68
- f(x) = x^0.69
- f(x) = x^0.7
- f(x) = x^0.71
- f(x) = x^0.72
- f(x) = x^0.73
- f(x) = x^0.74
- f(x) = x^0.75
- f(x) = x^0.76
- f(x) = x^0.77
- f(x) = x^0.78
- f(x) = x^0.79
- f(x) = x^0.8
- f(x) = x^0.81
- f(x) = x^0.82
- f(x) = x^0.83
- f(x) = x^0.84
- f(x) = x^0.85
- f(x) = x^0.86
- f(x) = x^0.87
- f(x) = x^0.88
- f(x) = x^0.89
- f(x) = x^0.9
- f(x) = x^0.91
- f(x) = x^0.92
- f(x) = x^0.93
- f(x) = x^0.94
- f(x) = x^0.95
- f(x) = x^0.96
- f(x) = x^0.97
- f(x) = x^0.98
- f(x) = x^0.99
- f(x) = x^1.05
- f(x) = x^1.1
- f(x) = x^1.15
- f(x) = x^1.2
- f(x) = x^1.25
- f(x) = x^1.3
- f(x) = x^1.35
- f(x) = x^1.4
- f(x) = x^1.45
- f(x) = x^1.5
- f(x) = x^1.55
- f(x) = x^1.6
- f(x) = x^1.65
- f(x) = x^1.7
- f(x) = x^1.75
- f(x) = x^1.8
- f(x) = x^1.85
- f(x) = x^1.9
- f(x) = x^1.95
- f(x) = x^2
- f(x) = x^2.05
- f(x) = x^2.1
- f(x) = x^2.15
- f(x) = x^2.2
- f(x) = x^2.25
- f(x) = x^2.3
- f(x) = x^2.35
- f(x) = x^2.4
- f(x) = x^2.45
- f(x) = x^2.5
- f(x) = x^2.55
- f(x) = x^2.6
- f(x) = x^2.65
- f(x) = x^2.7
- f(x) = x^2.75
- f(x) = x^2.8
- f(x) = x^2.85
- f(x) = x^2.9
- f(x) = x^2.95
- f(x) = x^3
- f(x) = x^3.05
- f(x) = x^3.1
- f(x) = x^3.15
- f(x) = x^3.2
- f(x) = x^3.25
- f(x) = x^3.3
- f(x) = x^3.35
- f(x) = x^3.4
- f(x) = x^3.45
- f(x) = x^3.5
- f(x) = x^3.55
- f(x) = x^3.6
- f(x) = x^3.65
- f(x) = x^3.7
- f(x) = x^3.75
- f(x) = x^3.8
- f(x) = x^3.85
- f(x) = x^3.9
- f(x) = x^3.95
- f(x) = x^4
- f(x) = x^4.05
- f(x) = x^4.1
- f(x) = x^4.15
- f(x) = x^4.2
- f(x) = x^4.25
- f(x) = x^4.3
- f(x) = x^4.35
- f(x) = x^4.4
- f(x) = x^4.45
- f(x) = x^4.5
- f(x) = x^4.55
- f(x) = x^4.6
- f(x) = x^4.65
- f(x) = x^4.7
- f(x) = x^4.75
- f(x) = x^4.8
- f(x) = x^4.85
- f(x) = x^4.9
- f(x) = x^4.95
- f(x) = x^5
- f(x) = x^5.05
- f(x) = x^5.1
- f(x) = x^5.15
- f(x) = x^5.2
- f(x) = x^5.25
- f(x) = x^5.3
- f(x) = x^5.35
- f(x) = x^5.4
- f(x) = x^5.45
- f(x) = x^5.5
- f(x) = x^5.55
- f(x) = x^5.6
- f(x) = x^5.65
- f(x) = x^5.7
- f(x) = x^5.75
- f(x) = x^5.8
- f(x) = x^5.85
- f(x) = x^5.9
- f(x) = x^5.95
- f(x) = ln(x)
- f(x) = (ln(x))^2
- f(x) = (ln(x))^3
- f(x) = (ln(x))^4
- f(x) = (ln(x))^5
- f(x) = (ln(x))^6
- f(x) = (ln(x))^7
- f(x) = (ln(x))^8
- f(x) = x^(-1/2)
- f(x) = x^(-1/4)
- f(x) = x^(-1/6)
- f(x) = x^(-1/8)
- f(x) = x^(-1/12)
- f(x) = x^-1
- f(x) = x^-2
- f(x) = x^-3
- f(x) = x^-4
- f(x) = x^-5
- f(x) = x^-6
- f(x) = x^-7
- f(x) = x^-8
- f(x) = x^-9
- f(x) = x^-10
- f(x) = x^-11
- f(x) = x^-0.05
- f(x) = x^-0.1
- f(x) = x^-0.15
- f(x) = x^-0.2
- f(x) = x^-0.25
- f(x) = x^-0.3
- f(x) = x^-0.35
- f(x) = x^-0.4
- f(x) = x^-0.45
- f(x) = x^-0.55
- f(x) = x^-0.6
- f(x) = x^-0.65
- f(x) = x^-0.7
- f(x) = x^-0.75
- f(x) = x^-0.8
- f(x) = x^-0.85
- f(x) = x^-0.9
- f(x) = x^-0.95
- f(x) = x^-1.05
- f(x) = x^-1.1
- f(x) = x^-1.15
- f(x) = x^-1.2
- f(x) = x^-1.25
- f(x) = x^-1.3
- f(x) = x^-1.4
- f(x) = x^-1.45
- f(x) = x^-1.5
- f(x) = x^-1.55
- f(x) = x^-1.6
- f(x) = x^-1.65
- f(x) = x^-1.7
- f(x) = x^-1.75
- f(x) = x^-1.8
- f(x) = x^-1.85
- f(x) = x^-1.9
- f(x) = x^-1.95
- f(x) = x^-2.05
- f(x) = x^-2.1
- f(x) = x^-2.15
- f(x) = x^-2.2
- f(x) = x^-2.25
- f(x) = x^-2.3
- f(x) = x^-2.35
- f(x) = x^-2.4
- f(x) = x^-2.45
- f(x) = x^-2.5
- f(x) = x^-2.55
- f(x) = x^-2.6
- f(x) = x^-2.7
- f(x) = x^-2.75
- f(x) = x^-2.8
- f(x) = x^-2.85
- f(x) = x^-2.9
- f(x) = x^-2.95
- f(x) = x^-3.05
- f(x) = x^-3.1
- f(x) = x^-3.15
- f(x) = x^-3.2
- f(x) = x^-3.25
- f(x) = x^-3.3
- f(x) = x^-3.35
- f(x) = x^-3.4
- f(x) = x^-3.45
- f(x) = x^-3.5
- f(x) = x^-3.55
- f(x) = x^-3.6
- f(x) = x^-3.65
- f(x) = x^-3.7
- f(x) = x^-3.75
- f(x) = x^-3.8
- f(x) = x^-3.85
- f(x) = x^-3.9
- f(x) = x^-3.95
- f(x) = x^-4.05
- f(x) = x^-4.1
- f(x) = x^-4.15
- f(x) = x^-4.2
- f(x) = x^-4.25
- f(x) = x^-4.3
- f(x) = x^-4.35
- f(x) = x^-4.4
- f(x) = x^-4.45
- f(x) = x^-4.5
- f(x) = x^-4.55
- f(x) = x^-4.6
- f(x) = x^-4.65
- f(x) = x^-4.7
- f(x) = x^-4.75
- f(x) = x^-4.8
- f(x) = x^-4.85
- f(x) = x^-4.9
- f(x) = x^-4.95
- f(x) = x^-5.05
- f(x) = x^-5.1
- f(x) = x^-5.15
- f(x) = x^-5.2
- f(x) = x^-5.25
- f(x) = x^-5.3
- f(x) = x^-5.35
- f(x) = x^-5.4
- f(x) = x^-5.45
- f(x) = x^-5.5
- f(x) = x^-5.55
- f(x) = x^-5.6
- f(x) = x^-5.65
- f(x) = x^-5.7
- f(x) = x^-5.75
- f(x) = x^-5.8
- f(x) = x^-5.85
- f(x) = x^-5.9
- f(x) = x^-5.95
-
List of functions in the "detailed search using power, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions" search method
-
-
- f(x)=2^x
- f(x)=exp(x)^-4
- f(x)=exp(x)^-3
- f(x)=exp(x)^-2
- f(x)=exp(x)^-1
- f(x)=exp(x)^5
- f(x)=exp(x)^4
- f(x)=exp(x)^3
- f(x)=exp(x)^2
- f(x)=exp(x)
- f(x)=(1/7)^(x)
- f(x)=(1/6)^(x)
- f(x)=(1/5)^(x)
- f(x)=(1/4)^(x)
- f(x)=(1/3)^(x)
- f(x)=(1/2)^(x)
- f(x)=x
- f(x)=x^2
- f(x)=x^3
- f(x)=x^4
- f(x)=x^5
- f(x)=x^6
- f(x)=x^7
- f(x)=x^8
- f(x)=x^9
- f(x)=x^10
- f(x)=x^11
- f(x)=x^12
- f(x)=x^13
- f(x)=x^14
- f(x)=x^15
- f(x)=x^16
- f(x)=x^(1/3)
- f(x)=x^(1/5)
- f(x)=x^(1/7)
- f(x)=sin(x)
- f(x)=cos(x)
- f(x)=sinh(x)
- f(x)=cosh(x)
- f(x)=sin^2(x)
- f(x)=cos^2(x)
- f(x)=tanh(x)
- f(x)=x^(1/2)
- f(x)=x^(1/4)
- f(x)=x^(1/6)
- f(x)=x^(1/8)
- f(x)=x^(1/12)
- f(x)=x^0.01
- f(x)=x^0.02
- f(x)=x^0.03
- f(x)=x^0.04
- f(x)=x^0.05
- f(x)=x^0.06
- f(x)=x^0.07
- f(x)=x^0.08
- f(x)=x^0.09
- f(x)=x^0.1
- f(x)=x^0.11
- f(x)=x^0.12
- f(x)=x^0.13
- f(x)=x^0.14
- f(x)=x^0.15
- f(x)=x^0.16
- f(x)=x^0.17
- f(x)=x^0.18
- f(x)=x^0.19
- f(x)=x^0.2
- f(x)=x^0.21
- f(x)=x^0.22
- f(x)=x^0.23
- f(x)=x^0.24
- f(x)=x^0.26
- f(x)=x^0.27
- f(x)=x^0.28
- f(x)=x^0.29
- f(x)=x^0.3
- f(x)=x^0.31
- f(x)=x^0.32
- f(x)=x^0.33
- f(x)=x^0.34
- f(x)=x^0.35
- f(x)=x^0.36
- f(x)=x^0.37
- f(x)=x^0.38
- f(x)=x^0.39
- f(x)=x^0.4
- f(x)=x^0.41
- f(x)=x^0.42
- f(x)=x^0.43
- f(x)=x^0.44
- f(x)=x^0.45
- f(x)=x^0.46
- f(x)=x^0.47
- f(x)=x^0.48
- f(x)=x^0.49
- f(x)=x^0.51
- f(x)=x^0.52
- f(x)=x^0.53
- f(x)=x^0.54
- f(x)=x^0.55
- f(x)=x^0.56
- f(x)=x^0.57
- f(x)=x^0.58
- f(x)=x^0.59
- f(x)=x^0.6
- f(x)=x^0.61
- f(x)=x^0.62
- f(x)=x^0.63
- f(x)=x^0.64
- f(x)=x^0.65
- f(x)=x^0.66
- f(x)=x^0.67
- f(x)=x^0.68
- f(x)=x^0.69
- f(x)=x^0.7
- f(x)=x^0.71
- f(x)=x^0.72
- f(x)=x^0.73
- f(x)=x^0.74
- f(x)=x^0.75
- f(x)=x^0.76
- f(x)=x^0.77
- f(x)=x^0.78
- f(x)=x^0.79
- f(x)=x^0.8
- f(x)=x^0.81
- f(x)=x^0.82
- f(x)=x^0.83
- f(x)=x^0.84
- f(x)=x^0.85
- f(x)=x^0.86
- f(x)=x^0.87
- f(x)=x^0.88
- f(x)=x^0.89
- f(x)=x^0.9
- f(x)=x^0.91
- f(x)=x^0.92
- f(x)=x^0.93
- f(x)=x^0.94
- f(x)=x^0.95
- f(x)=x^0.96
- f(x)=x^0.97
- f(x)=x^0.98
- f(x)=x^0.99
- f(x)=x^1.05
- f(x)=x^1.1
- f(x)=x^1.15
- f(x)=x^1.2
- f(x)=x^1.25
- f(x)=x^1.3
- f(x)=x^1.35
- f(x)=x^1.4
- f(x)=x^1.45
- f(x)=x^1.5
- f(x)=x^1.55
- f(x)=x^1.6
- f(x)=x^1.65
- f(x)=x^1.7
- f(x)=x^1.75
- f(x)=x^1.8
- f(x)=x^1.85
- f(x)=x^1.9
- f(x)=x^1.95
- f(x)=x^2
- f(x)=x^2.05
- f(x)=x^2.1
- f(x)=x^2.15
- f(x)=x^2.2
- f(x)=x^2.25
- f(x)=x^2.3
- f(x)=x^2.35
- f(x)=x^2.4
- f(x)=x^2.45
- f(x)=x^2.5
- f(x)=x^2.55
- f(x)=x^2.6
- f(x)=x^2.65
- f(x)=x^2.7
- f(x)=x^2.75
- f(x)=x^2.8
- f(x)=x^2.85
- f(x)=x^2.9
- f(x)=x^2.95
- f(x)=x^3
- f(x)=x^3.05
- f(x)=x^3.1
- f(x)=x^3.15
- f(x)=x^3.2
- f(x)=x^3.25
- f(x)=x^3.3
- f(x)=x^3.35
- f(x)=x^3.4
- f(x)=x^3.45
- f(x)=x^3.5
- f(x)=x^3.55
- f(x)=x^3.6
- f(x)=x^3.65
- f(x)=x^3.7
- f(x)=x^3.75
- f(x)=x^3.8
- f(x)=x^3.85
- f(x)=x^3.9
- f(x)=x^3.95
- f(x)=x^4
- f(x)=x^4.05
- f(x)=x^4.1
- f(x)=x^4.15
- f(x)=x^4.2
- f(x)=x^4.25
- f(x)=x^4.3
- f(x)=x^4.35
- f(x)=x^4.4
- f(x)=x^4.45
- f(x)=x^4.5
- f(x)=x^4.55
- f(x)=x^4.6
- f(x)=x^4.65
- f(x)=x^4.7
- f(x)=x^4.75
- f(x)=x^4.8
- f(x)=x^4.85
- f(x)=x^4.9
- f(x)=x^4.95
- f(x)=x^5
- f(x)=x^5.05
- f(x)=x^5.1
- f(x)=x^5.15
- f(x)=x^5.2
- f(x)=x^5.25
- f(x)=x^5.3
- f(x)=x^5.35
- f(x)=x^5.4
- f(x)=x^5.45
- f(x)=x^5.5
- f(x)=x^5.55
- f(x)=x^5.6
- f(x)=x^5.65
- f(x)=x^5.7
- f(x)=x^5.75
- f(x)=x^5.8
- f(x)=x^5.85
- f(x)=x^5.9
- f(x)=x^5.95
- f(x)=ln(x)
- f(x)=(ln(x))^2
- f(x)=(ln(x))^3
- f(x)=(ln(x))^4
- f(x)=(ln(x))^5
- f(x)=(ln(x))^6
- f(x)=(ln(x))^7
- f(x)=(ln(x))^8
- f(x)=x^(-1/2)
- f(x)=x^(-1/4)
- f(x)=x^(-1/6)
- f(x)=x^(-1/8)
- f(x)=x^(-1/12)
- f(x)=x^-1
- f(x)=x^-2
- f(x)=x^-3
- f(x)=x^-4
- f(x)=x^-5
- f(x)=x^-6
- f(x)=x^-7
- f(x)=x^-8
- f(x)=x^-9
- f(x)=x^-10
- f(x)=x^-11
- f(x)=x^-0.05
- f(x)=x^-0.1
- f(x)=x^-0.15
- f(x)=x^-0.2
- f(x)=x^-0.25
- f(x)=x^-0.3
- f(x)=x^-0.35
- f(x)=x^-0.4
- f(x)=x^-0.45
- f(x)=x^-0.55
- f(x)=x^-0.6
- f(x)=x^-0.65
- f(x)=x^-0.7
- f(x)=x^-0.75
- f(x)=x^-0.8
- f(x)=x^-0.85
- f(x)=x^-0.9
- f(x)=x^-0.95
- f(x)=x^-1.05
- f(x)=x^-1.1
- f(x)=x^-1.15
- f(x)=x^-1.2
- f(x)=x^-1.25
- f(x)=x^-1.3
- f(x)=x^-1.4
- f(x)=x^-1.45
- f(x)=x^-1.5
- f(x)=x^-1.55
- f(x)=x^-1.6
- f(x)=x^-1.65
- f(x)=x^-1.7
- f(x)=x^-1.75
- f(x)=x^-1.8
- f(x)=x^-1.85
- f(x)=x^-1.9
- f(x)=x^-1.95
- f(x)=x^-2.05
- f(x)=x^-2.1
- f(x)=x^-2.15
- f(x)=x^-2.2
- f(x)=x^-2.25
- f(x)=x^-2.3
- f(x)=x^-2.35
- f(x)=x^-2.4
- f(x)=x^-2.45
- f(x)=x^-2.5
- f(x)=x^-2.55
- f(x)=x^-2.6
- f(x)=x^-2.7
- f(x)=x^-2.75
- f(x)=x^-2.8
- f(x)=x^-2.85
- f(x)=x^-2.9
- f(x)=x^-2.95
- f(x)=x^-3.05
- f(x)=x^-3.1
- f(x)=x^-3.15
- f(x)=x^-3.2
- f(x)=x^-3.25
- f(x)=x^-3.3
- f(x)=x^-3.35
- f(x)=x^-3.4
- f(x)=x^-3.45
- f(x)=x^-3.5
- f(x)=x^-3.55
- f(x)=x^-3.6
- f(x)=x^-3.65
- f(x)=x^-3.7
- f(x)=x^-3.75
- f(x)=x^-3.8
- f(x)=x^-3.85
- f(x)=x^-3.9
- f(x)=x^-3.95
- f(x)=x^-4.05
- f(x)=x^-4.1
- f(x)=x^-4.15
- f(x)=x^-4.2
- f(x)=x^-4.25
- f(x)=x^-4.3
- f(x)=x^-4.35
- f(x)=x^-4.4
- f(x)=x^-4.45
- f(x)=x^-4.5
- f(x)=x^-4.55
- f(x)=x^-4.6
- f(x)=x^-4.65
- f(x)=x^-4.7
- f(x)=x^-4.75
- f(x)=x^-4.8
- f(x)=x^-4.85
- f(x)=x^-4.9
- f(x)=x^-4.95
- f(x)=x^-5.05
- f(x)=x^-5.1
- f(x)=x^-5.15
- f(x)=x^-5.2
- f(x)=x^-5.25
- f(x)=x^-5.3
- f(x)=x^-5.35
- f(x)=x^-5.4
- f(x)=x^-5.45
- f(x)=x^-5.5
- f(x)=x^-5.55
- f(x)=x^-5.6
- f(x)=x^-5.65
- f(x)=x^-5.7
- f(x)=x^-5.75
- f(x)=x^-5.8
- f(x)=x^-5.85
- f(x)=x^-5.9
- f(x)=x^-5.95
-
List of functions in the "detailed search using only power functions" search method
-
-
- y=x^42
- y=x^40
- y=x^38
- y=x^36
- y=x^34
- y=x^32
- y=x^30
- y=x^29
- y=x^28
- y=x^27
- y=x^26
- y=x^25
- y=x^24
- y=x^23
- y=x^22
- y=x^21
- y=x
- y=x^2
- y=x^3
- y=x^4
- y=x^5
- y=x^6
- y=x^7
- y=x^8
- y=x^9
- y=x^10
- y=x^11
- y=x^12
- y=x^13
- y=x^14
- y=x^15
- y=x^16
- y=x^17
- y=x^18
- y=x^19
- y=x^20
- y=x^(1/3)
- y=x^(1/5)
- y=x^(1/7)
- y=x^(1/9)
- y=x^(1/11)
- y=x^(1/13)
- y=x^(1/2)
- y=x^(1/4)
- y=x^(1/6)
- y=x^(1/8)
- y=x^(1/12)
- y=x^0.01
- y=x^0.02
- y=x^0.03
- y=x^0.04
- y=x^0.05
- y=x^0.06
- y=x^0.07
- y=x^0.08
- y=x^0.09
- y=x^0.1
- y=x^0.11
- y=x^0.12
- y=x^0.13
- y=x^0.14
- y=x^0.15
- y=x^0.16
- y=x^0.17
- y=x^0.18
- y=x^0.19
- y=x^0.2
- y=x^0.21
- y=x^0.22
- y=x^0.23
- y=x^0.24
- y=x^0.26
- y=x^0.27
- y=x^0.28
- y=x^0.29
- y=x^0.3
- y=x^0.31
- y=x^0.32
- y=x^0.33
- y=x^0.34
- y=x^0.35
- y=x^0.36
- y=x^0.37
- y=x^0.38
- y=x^0.39
- y=x^0.4
- y=x^0.41
- y=x^0.42
- y=x^0.43
- y=x^0.44
- y=x^0.45
- y=x^0.46
- y=x^0.47
- y=x^0.48
- y=x^0.49
- y=x^0.51
- y=x^0.52
- y=x^0.53
- y=x^0.54
- y=x^0.55
- y=x^0.56
- y=x^0.57
- y=x^0.58
- y=x^0.59
- y=x^0.6
- y=x^0.61
- y=x^0.62
- y=x^0.63
- y=x^0.64
- y=x^0.65
- y=x^0.66
- y=x^0.67
- y=x^0.68
- y=x^0.69
- y=x^0.7
- y=x^0.71
- y=x^0.72
- y=x^0.73
- y=x^0.74
- y=x^0.75
- y=x^0.76
- y=x^0.77
- y=x^0.78
- y=x^0.79
- y=x^0.8
- y=x^0.81
- y=x^0.82
- y=x^0.83
- y=x^0.84
- y=x^0.85
- y=x^0.86
- y=x^0.87
- y=x^0.88
- y=x^0.89
- y=x^0.9
- y=x^0.91
- y=x^0.92
- y=x^0.93
- y=x^0.94
- y=x^0.95
- y=x^0.96
- y=x^0.97
- y=x^0.98
- y=x^0.99
- y=x^1.05
- y=x^1.1
- y=x^1.15
- y=x^1.2
- y=x^1.25
- y=x^1.3
- y=x^1.35
- y=x^1.4
- y=x^1.45
- y=x^1.5
- y=x^1.55
- y=x^1.6
- y=x^1.65
- y=x^1.7
- y=x^1.75
- y=x^1.8
- y=x^1.85
- y=x^1.9
- y=x^1.95
- y=x^2
- y=x^2.05
- y=x^2.1
- y=x^2.15
- y=x^2.2
- y=x^2.25
- y=x^2.3
- y=x^2.35
- y=x^2.4
- y=x^2.45
- y=x^2.5
- y=x^2.55
- y=x^2.6
- y=x^2.65
- y=x^2.7
- y=x^2.75
- y=x^2.8
- y=x^2.85
- y=x^2.9
- y=x^2.95
- y=x^3
- y=x^3.05
- y=x^3.1
- y=x^3.15
- y=x^3.2
- y=x^3.25
- y=x^3.3
- y=x^3.35
- y=x^3.4
- y=x^3.45
- y=x^3.5
- y=x^3.55
- y=x^3.6
- y=x^3.65
- y=x^3.7
- y=x^3.75
- y=x^3.8
- y=x^3.85
- y=x^3.9
- y=x^3.95
- y=x^4
- y=x^4.05
- y=x^4.1
- y=x^4.15
- y=x^4.2
- y=x^4.25
- y=x^4.3
- y=x^4.35
- y=x^4.4
- y=x^4.45
- y=x^4.5
- y=x^4.55
- y=x^4.6
- y=x^4.65
- y=x^4.7
- y=x^4.75
- y=x^4.8
- y=x^4.85
- y=x^4.9
- y=x^4.95
- y=x^5
- y=x^5.05
- y=x^5.1
- y=x^5.15
- y=x^5.2
- y=x^5.25
- y=x^5.3
- y=x^5.35
- y=x^5.4
- y=x^5.45
- y=x^5.5
- y=x^5.55
- y=x^5.6
- y=x^5.65
- y=x^5.7
- y=x^5.75
- y=x^5.8
- y=x^5.85
- y=x^5.9
- y=x^5.95
- y=x^-12
- y=x^-13
- y=x^-14
- y=x^-15
- y=x^-16
- y=x^-17
- y=x^-18
- y=x^-19
- y=x^(-1/2)
- y=x^(-1/4)
- y=x^(-1/6)
- y=x^(-1/8)
- y=x^(-1/12)
- y=x^-1
- y=x^-2
- y=x^-3
- y=x^-4
- y=x^-5
- y=x^-6
- y=x^-7
- y=x^-8
- y=x^-9
- y=x^-10
- y=x^-11
- y=x^-0.05
- y=x^-0.1
- y=x^-0.15
- y=x^-0.2
- y=x^-0.25
- y=x^-0.3
- y=x^-0.35
- y=x^-0.4
- y=x^-0.45
- y=x^-0.55
- y=x^-0.6
- y=x^-0.65
- y=x^-0.7
- y=x^-0.75
- y=x^-0.8
- y=x^-0.85
- y=x^-0.9
- y=x^-0.95
- y=x^-1.05
- y=x^-1.1
- y=x^-1.15
- y=x^-1.2
- y=x^-1.25
- y=x^-1.3
- y=x^-1.4
- y=x^-1.45
- y=x^-1.5
- y=x^-1.55
- y=x^-1.6
- y=x^-1.65
- y=x^-1.7
- y=x^-1.75
- y=x^-1.8
- y=x^-1.85
- y=x^-1.9
- y=x^-1.95
- y=x^-2.05
- y=x^-2.1
- y=x^-2.15
- y=x^-2.2
- y=x^-2.25
- y=x^-2.3
- y=x^-2.35
- y=x^-2.4
- y=x^-2.45
- y=x^-2.5
- y=x^-2.55
- y=x^-2.6
- y=x^-2.7
- y=x^-2.75
- y=x^-2.8
- y=x^-2.85
- y=x^-2.9
- y=x^-2.95
- y=x^-3.05
- y=x^-3.1
- y=x^-3.15
- y=x^-3.2
- y=x^-3.25
- y=x^-3.3
- y=x^-3.35
- y=x^-3.4
- y=x^-3.45
- y=x^-3.5
- y=x^-3.55
- y=x^-3.6
- y=x^-3.65
- y=x^-3.7
- y=x^-3.75
- y=x^-3.8
- y=x^-3.85
- y=x^-3.9
- y=x^-3.95
- y=x^-4.05
- y=x^-4.1
- y=x^-4.15
- y=x^-4.2
- y=x^-4.25
- y=x^-4.3
- y=x^-4.35
- y=x^-4.4
- y=x^-4.45
- y=x^-4.5
- y=x^-4.55
- y=x^-4.6
- y=x^-4.65
- y=x^-4.7
- y=x^-4.75
- y=x^-4.8
- y=x^-4.85
- y=x^-4.9
- y=x^-4.95
- y=x^-5.05
- y=x^-5.1
- y=x^-5.15
- y=x^-5.2
- y=x^-5.25
- y=x^-5.3
- y=x^-5.35
- y=x^-5.4
- y=x^-5.45
- y=x^-5.5
- y=x^-5.55
- y=x^-5.6
- y=x^-5.65
- y=x^-5.7
- y=x^-5.75
- y=x^-5.8
- y=x^-5.85
- y=x^-5.9
- y=x^-5.95
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List of functions in the "detailed search using only power functions in the range from x^-3.5 to x^3.5" search method
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- f(x)=x
- f(x)=x^2
- f(x)=x^3
- f(x)=x^(1/3)
- f(x)=x^(2/3)
- f(x)=x^(1/5)
- f(x)=x^(1/7)
- f(x)=x^(1/9)
- f(x)=x^(1/11)
- f(x)=x^(1/13)
- f(x)=x^(1/15)
- f(x)=x^(1/17)
- f(x)=x^(1/19)
- f(x)=x^(1/21)
- f(x)=x^(1/2)
- f(x)=x^(1/4)
- f(x)=x^(1/6)
- f(x)=x^(1/8)
- f(x)=x^(1/12)
- f(x)=x^0.01
- f(x)=x^0.02
- f(x)=x^0.03
- f(x)=x^0.04
- f(x)=x^0.05
- f(x)=x^0.06
- f(x)=x^0.07
- f(x)=x^0.08
- f(x)=x^0.09
- f(x)=x^0.1
- f(x)=x^0.11
- f(x)=x^0.12
- f(x)=x^0.13
- f(x)=x^0.14
- f(x)=x^0.15
- f(x)=x^0.16
- f(x)=x^0.17
- f(x)=x^0.18
- f(x)=x^0.19
- f(x)=x^0.2
- f(x)=x^0.21
- f(x)=x^0.22
- f(x)=x^0.23
- f(x)=x^0.24
- f(x)=x^0.26
- f(x)=x^0.27
- f(x)=x^0.28
- f(x)=x^0.29
- f(x)=x^0.3
- f(x)=x^0.31
- f(x)=x^0.32
- f(x)=x^0.33
- f(x)=x^0.34
- f(x)=x^0.35
- f(x)=x^0.36
- f(x)=x^0.37
- f(x)=x^0.38
- f(x)=x^0.39
- f(x)=x^0.4
- f(x)=x^0.41
- f(x)=x^0.42
- f(x)=x^0.43
- f(x)=x^0.44
- f(x)=x^0.45
- f(x)=x^0.46
- f(x)=x^0.47
- f(x)=x^0.48
- f(x)=x^0.49
- f(x)=x^0.51
- f(x)=x^0.52
- f(x)=x^0.53
- f(x)=x^0.54
- f(x)=x^0.55
- f(x)=x^0.56
- f(x)=x^0.57
- f(x)=x^0.58
- f(x)=x^0.59
- f(x)=x^0.6
- f(x)=x^0.61
- f(x)=x^0.62
- f(x)=x^0.63
- f(x)=x^0.64
- f(x)=x^0.65
- f(x)=x^0.66
- f(x)=x^0.67
- f(x)=x^0.68
- f(x)=x^0.69
- f(x)=x^0.7
- f(x)=x^0.71
- f(x)=x^0.72
- f(x)=x^0.73
- f(x)=x^0.74
- f(x)=x^0.75
- f(x)=x^0.76
- f(x)=x^0.77
- f(x)=x^0.78
- f(x)=x^0.79
- f(x)=x^0.8
- f(x)=x^0.81
- f(x)=x^0.82
- f(x)=x^0.83
- f(x)=x^0.84
- f(x)=x^0.85
- f(x)=x^0.86
- f(x)=x^0.87
- f(x)=x^0.88
- f(x)=x^0.89
- f(x)=x^0.9
- f(x)=x^0.91
- f(x)=x^0.92
- f(x)=x^0.93
- f(x)=x^0.94
- f(x)=x^0.95
- f(x)=x^0.96
- f(x)=x^0.97
- f(x)=x^0.98
- f(x)=x^0.99
- f(x)=x^1.05
- f(x)=x^1.1
- f(x)=x^1.15
- f(x)=x^1.2
- f(x)=x^1.25
- f(x)=x^1.3
- f(x)=x^1.35
- f(x)=x^1.4
- f(x)=x^1.45
- f(x)=x^1.5
- f(x)=x^1.55
- f(x)=x^1.6
- f(x)=x^1.65
- f(x)=x^1.7
- f(x)=x^1.75
- f(x)=x^1.8
- f(x)=x^1.85
- f(x)=x^1.9
- f(x)=x^1.95
- f(x)=x^2.05
- f(x)=x^2.1
- f(x)=x^2.15
- f(x)=x^2.2
- f(x)=x^2.25
- f(x)=x^2.3
- f(x)=x^2.35
- f(x)=x^2.4
- f(x)=x^2.45
- f(x)=x^2.5
- f(x)=x^2.55
- f(x)=x^2.6
- f(x)=x^2.65
- f(x)=x^2.7
- f(x)=x^2.75
- f(x)=x^2.8
- f(x)=x^2.85
- f(x)=x^2.9
- f(x)=x^2.95
- f(x)=x^3.05
- f(x)=x^3.1
- f(x)=x^3.15
- f(x)=x^3.2
- f(x)=x^3.25
- f(x)=x^3.3
- f(x)=x^3.35
- f(x)=x^3.4
- f(x)=x^3.45
- f(x)=x^3.5
- f(x)=x^(-1/2)
- f(x)=x^(-1/4)
- f(x)=x^(-1/6)
- f(x)=x^(-1/8)
- f(x)=x^(-1/12)
- f(x)=x^-1
- f(x)=x^-2
- f(x)=x^-3
- f(x)=x^-0.05
- f(x)=x^-0.1
- f(x)=x^-0.15
- f(x)=x^-0.2
- f(x)=x^-0.25
- f(x)=x^-0.3
- f(x)=x^-0.35
- f(x)=x^-0.4
- f(x)=x^-0.45
- f(x)=x^-0.55
- f(x)=x^-0.6
- f(x)=x^-0.65
- f(x)=x^-0.7
- f(x)=x^-0.75
- f(x)=x^-0.8
- f(x)=x^-0.85
- f(x)=x^-0.9
- f(x)=x^-0.95
- f(x)=x^-1.05
- f(x)=x^-1.1
- f(x)=x^-1.15
- f(x)=x^-1.2
- f(x)=x^-1.25
- f(x)=x^-1.3
- f(x)=x^-1.4
- f(x)=x^-1.45
- f(x)=x^-1.5
- f(x)=x^-1.55
- f(x)=x^-1.6
- f(x)=x^-1.65
- f(x)=x^-1.7
- f(x)=x^-1.75
- f(x)=x^-1.8
- f(x)=x^-1.85
- f(x)=x^-1.9
- f(x)=x^-1.95
- f(x)=x^-2.05
- f(x)=x^-2.1
- f(x)=x^-2.15
- f(x)=x^-2.2
- f(x)=x^-2.25
- f(x)=x^-2.3
- f(x)=x^-2.35
- f(x)=x^-2.4
- f(x)=x^-2.45
- f(x)=x^-2.5
- f(x)=x^-2.55
- f(x)=x^-2.6
- f(x)=x^-2.7
- f(x)=x^-2.75
- f(x)=x^-2.8
- f(x)=x^-2.85
- f(x)=x^-2.9
- f(x)=x^-2.95
- f(x)=x^-3.05
- f(x)=x^-3.1
- f(x)=x^-3.15
- f(x)=x^-3.2
- f(x)=x^-3.25
- f(x)=x^-3.3
- f(x)=x^-3.35
- f(x)=x^-3.4
- f(x)=x^-3.45
- f(x)=x^-3.5
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